Mike Tindall wore the armband last season and although he remains a member of the squad the former England centre will take on more of a coaching role at Kingsholm.
New coach Nigel Davies said: "I've been really impressed with Jim since I arrived this summer, his work ethic and commitment to Gloucester Rugby's success is without question.
"The kind of intense passion and energy he brings to the group adds to his qualities as a natural leader.
"He has a very positive impact on the players around him, he never plays at less than 100% and it's vital our captain displays and represents the qualities and values of our whole team.
"He plays with his heart on his sleeve and is very serious about rugby and getting things right. The fact he's a hard-nosed, committed player and intense on the field is exactly what we need to bring to our game this season.
"That toughness needs to be instilled across the group; add to that Jim's natural enthusiasm and strong personality, I think he'll be a key figure for us this season."
Hamilton said: "To captain such a special club as Gloucester, with the loyal and passionate supporters we have, is a huge honour for me.
"I'll accept that responsibility with real pride and commitment to the players around me and everyone who supports our great club."
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